???? ????

百度现代城市群的建设要将各种信息资源的效用发挥到最大化，将物联网、云计算、大数据等新一代信息技术创新和数据整合，建立统一标准，提高效率，打造智慧化城市。

???? ???? ?? ???? (?? ???????: Pulp) ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? (??????????) ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???.

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??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????.^[?] ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????^[?] ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????^[?] ? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????^[?] ???? ????. ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? Ca(HSO₃)₂,? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??.^[?] ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???. ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? F. Dahl ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???.^[?] ?????? ????? ???????? ???? G.H. ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????^[?] ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ???^[?] ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???.^[?]

????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? (??? ?????? ?? ???????) ???.^[?] ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? (?? ?????? ?? ???????) ???? ????? ????? (?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????). ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????: ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? (????) ? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? (??????? ????).^[?] ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????.^[??]

???? ???

????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????.^[??] ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????.^[??] ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????????????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???.^[??] ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? (????? ????????? GM ? ????? GM) ?? ??? ?????? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?/ ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???.

???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???. ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? (????????? ????? ? ??????) ????? ???. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??? (bleached) ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????.

??? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? (?? ??? ?? ??): ????? ????? (???? ???? ???? ???? ????)? ?????? (?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????????) ? ??? ????? ((???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????). ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???.

????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? (??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????). ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? (GW) ? ???? ???? ??????? (RMP)? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??? TMP ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? CTMP ?????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.

???? ???

????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???. ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ???? ? ???????? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????.^[??] ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????. FSC (????? ????? ?? ????)? SFI (?????? ???????? ??????)? PEFC (?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????) ? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????????????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????.^[??]

????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? (?? ???) ???? ? ??–?? ????????? (?–? ???) ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? (? ??) ?? ??? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? (?????? ???????). ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? (? ??) ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????.

??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????.^[??]

?????????? ???? ????

??? ????? ??? ? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???. ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????.

??????? ?????????

?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???:

???????? ???????

??????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? (SGW) ??????? ???. ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? (PGW) ?????? ??????. ????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? (RMP) ?????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? (TMP) ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? (???) ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ??????? ??????.

???????? ?????? - ???????

???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? (?? ??? ????? "????") ? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? (?? ??? ????? "???????") ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??–?? ???? ???. ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? (???? ?? ????) ?? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????.^[??]

???????? ??????? - ???????

????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? (???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????) ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? (?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???. ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? (CTMP) ?????? ???????.

???????? ??????

?????????

?????

↑ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, vol. Vol. 5 Part 1, Cambridge University Press, p. 4 {{citation}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
↑ ^??? ^??? Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, vol. Vol. 5 Part 1, Cambridge University Press, pp. 56–61 {{citation}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
↑ ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? Hunter, Dard (1943). Papermaking, the history and technique of an ancient craft. Dover.
↑ ^??? ^??? Sj?str?m, E. (1993). Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. Academic Press.
↑ Burger, PeterCharles Fenerty and his Paper Invention. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. ???? ‎????????????????? pp.25–30
↑ ^??? ^??? ^??? Biermann, Christopher J. (1993). Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-097360-X.
↑ History of Paper. indiapapermarket.com
↑ "Pulp production growing in new areas (Global production)". Metso Corporation. September 5, 2006. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
↑ Sixta, Herbert (2006). "Preface". Handbook of Pulp. Vol. 1. Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co KGaA. p. XXIII. ISBN 3-527-30999-3.
↑ "Overview of the Wood Pulp Industry". Market Pulp Association. 2007. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
↑ Manthy, Robert S.; James, Lee Morton; Huber, Henry H. (1973). Michigan Timber Production: Now and in 1985 (?? ???????). Michigan State University, Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension service.
↑ Paper
↑ Geman, Helyette (2025-08-14). Agricultural Finance: From Crops to Land, Water and Infrastructure (?? ???????). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-82737-6.
↑ Martin, Sam (2004). "Paper Chase". Ecology Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
↑ "Certification Tracking products from the forest to the shelf". Archived from the original on 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
↑ Trees Into Paper. Conservatree. Retrieved on 2025-08-14.
↑ Iggesund Paperboard AB (2008). "Paperboard the Iggesund Way": 15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

?????????????? ?????????. ?Pulp (paper)?. ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ????.

????? ?? ?????

[1] Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, vol. Vol. 5 Part 1, Cambridge University Press, p. 4 {{citation}}: |volume= has extra text (help)

[Tsien56-58-2] ??? ^??? Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, vol. Vol. 5 Part 1, Cambridge University Press, pp. 56–61 {{citation}}: |volume= has extra text (help)

[hunter-3] ??? ^??? ^??? ^??? Hunter, Dard (1943). Papermaking, the history and technique of an ancient craft. Dover.

[eero-4] ??? ^??? Sj?str?m, E. (1993). Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. Academic Press.

[5] Burger, PeterCharles Fenerty and his Paper Invention. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. ???? ‎????????????????? pp.25–30

[bier-6] ??? ^??? ^??? Biermann, Christopher J. (1993). Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-097360-X.

[7] History of Paper. indiapapermarket.com

[8] "Pulp production growing in new areas (Global production)". Metso Corporation. September 5, 2006. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 2025-08-14.

[9] Sixta, Herbert (2006). "Preface". Handbook of Pulp. Vol. 1. Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co KGaA. p. XXIII. ISBN 3-527-30999-3.

[market-10] "Overview of the Wood Pulp Industry". Market Pulp Association. 2007. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.

[11] Manthy, Robert S.; James, Lee Morton; Huber, Henry H. (1973). Michigan Timber Production: Now and in 1985 (?? ???????). Michigan State University, Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension service.

[12] Paper

[13] Geman, Helyette (2025-08-14). Agricultural Finance: From Crops to Land, Water and Infrastructure (?? ???????). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-82737-6.

[chase-14] Martin, Sam (2004). "Paper Chase". Ecology Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.

[15] "Certification Tracking products from the forest to the shelf". Archived from the original on 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.

[16] Trees Into Paper. Conservatree. Retrieved on 2025-08-14.

[igg-17] Iggesund Paperboard AB (2008). "Paperboard the Iggesund Way": 15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

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?????	???? ??????? Baking Banana Bible Building Blotting Bond ????? Cartridge ???? ????? Construction Copy Cotton (rag) Crêpe Display Dó ???? ??? Glassine Hemp India Korean ???? ????? Laid Lokta Manila Newsprint Oatmeal Onionskin Origami ???? ???? ???? Rolling Scritta Security Seed ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? Tissue Tracing Transfer Tree-free ???? ?????? ???? Wasli Waterproof Wax Wood-free Wove ??? Xuan
????	????????? Fiber crop Paper chemicals ??????? ???? ????
????	????? Density ?????????? ???? Units of paper quantity Surface chemistry of paper Wet strength
????? ? ????	Bleaching of wood pulp ????? Conical refiner Deinking Paper pollution Environmental impact of paper ???????? Hollander beater Kraft process Organosolv Paper machine ??????? ???? ???????? Soda pulping Sulfite process
????	???? ???? ? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? Paper mill List of paper mills
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